AC voltage transients can cause all the following EXCEPT?

Capacitance coupling is a phenomenon that occurs when an alternating current (AC) voltage transits through a medium (like air or insulation) and induces voltage in nearby conductive elements, such as wires or circuits. This process is related to how capacitors operate, effectively allowing AC signals to couple from one circuit to another through capacitive effects.

In the context of AC voltage transients, while capacitance coupling does occur, it is generally not regarded as a direct effect or consequence of voltage transients. On the other hand, voltage spikes (which are abrupt increases in voltage), equipment malfunction (which can result from various electrical issues), and noise interference (which can disrupt signal integrity) are all closely linked to the effects of voltage transients.

Transients typically produce immediate and observable results, such as voltage spikes affecting the operational reliability of equipment or causing noise in communication lines. Thus, when considering the prompt about effects caused by AC voltage transients, capacitance coupling stands apart as it is more of a phenomenon resulting from steady-state AC conditions rather than a direct result of transients.